![]() ![]() Biological agents are potential tools for decellularization. Chemical acid agents (that is, acetic acid or per-acetic acid) can solubilize the cytoplasmatic components removing the nucleic acids but, at the same time, they subtract the collagen from the matrix. However, SDS is known to be very effective in cell removal but has a lesser degree of retention of various ECM molecules in the decellularized scaffold compared with a detergent such as Triton X-100. For example, Triton X is more effective on thinner tissue whereas SDS is more effective on thicker tissues. All of these agents have their advantages and disadvantages for specific tissue and organ decellularization because their mechanism of action is different. Different agents that are often used for tissue decellularization include acids or bases, ionic (that is, sodium dodecyl sulphate, or SDS) and non-ionic (that is, Triton X-100) detergents, and enzymes (that is, trypsin). All of the agents and protocols used for decellularization alter ECM composition and cause some disruption in the organ’s microarchitecture. Effective decellularization of whole organs depends on many factors, such as tissue density, thickness, and cellularity. Researchers have used different detergents and techniques for tissue decellularization. Tissue decellularization is achieved by flushing the organ with detergent solutions through its native vascular system, which removes all native cell components while preserving the ECM molecules. Recently, a new technology was introduced to overcome this problem by using whole-organ decellularization to create a three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix (ECM) that preserves the native tissue architecture, including the vasculature. Although there have been several attempts to produce synthetic scaffolds, they have produced only constructs that partially mimic the natural vascular network. A common approach of TE/RM is to create a structural and molecular environment that accurately mimics the properties (mechanical, geometrical, and biological) of the native organ in order to support the recipient’s cells and create an autologous tissue/organ. Successful achievement of this goal will play a groundbreaking role in clinical transplantation. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TE/RM) share the same ultimate target: the creation of functional tissues or whole organs and their use as ‘replacement parts’ for the human body. Despite efforts to increase the supply pool of suitable organs for transplantation, a significant gap still exists between the numbers of organ donors and recipients, highlighting the major problem of organ shortage. Organ transplantation currently represents the gold-standard treatment for all diseases leading to irreversible organ failure. This review will emphasize recent achievements in the whole-organ scaffolds and at the same time underline complications that the scientific community has to resolve before reaching a functional bioengineered organ. Macro- and microvascular tree is entirely maintained and can be incorporated in the recipient’s vascular system after the implant. These scaffolds are composed of organ-specific extracellular matrix that contains growth factors important for cellular growth and function. Several decellularized organs, including liver, kidney, and pancreas, have been created as a platform for further successful seeding. Whole-organ detergent-perfusion protocols permit clinicians to gently remove all the cells and at the same time preserve the natural three-dimensional framework of the native organ. Recent developments in bioengineering and regenerative medicine could provide a solid base for the future creation of implantable, bioengineered organs. Donor organ shortage and adverse effects of immunosuppressive regimens are the major limiting factors for this definitive practice. Irreversible end-stage organ failure represents one of the leading causes of death, and organ transplantation is currently the only curative solution. ![]()
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